1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott
A U.S. stamp commemorates the 1955 bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama, a major turning point in the Civil Rights Movement. The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. employed the idea of "personalism" in his theological support for the effort, writes the Rev. Dr. Christopher P. Momany. (Public Domain Photo via Wikimedia Commons)
July 18, 2025 | DOWAGIAC, Mich. (UM News)
Key points:
- Personalism upholds the dignity and worth of all human beings.
- Born in the 19th century, personalism has roots in the abolitionist movement, and it later informed the work of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
- As respect for human dignity has eroded, the world needs a revival of personalism, and a Wesleyan form has much to offer, writes the Rev. Dr. Christopher P. Momany.
In May 1836, abolitionist Theodore Dwight Weld wrote to a friend about his strategy for delivering anti-slavery lectures.
Theodore Dwight Weld
Anti-slavery speaker, writer and educator, circa 1838. (Public Domain Photo via Wikimedia Commons)
acknowledged the power of bringing the truth to light regarding the heinous treatment of enslaved people, but he insisted that a bedrock principle was at stake. He always focused his energy on demonstrating that slavery was designed for the “destruction of personality.”
The term “personality” meant much more than simply a description of traits, mannerisms, characteristics and individual style. Weld used the term to speak of one’s very personhood. Slavery attempted to turn people into things — sacred beings, created in the image of God, into property.
Ten years later, Wesleyan philosopher and college president Asa Mahan argued that the abolitionist movement was built on “the eternal and immutable distinction between a person and a thing.” Mahan spoke of an “intrinsic worth” possessed by each and every human being. This 19th-century human rights perspective set the stage for the later movement known as “personalism.”
During the 1950s and 1960s, personalism grounded the work of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
Reflecting on the Montgomery bus boycott, King articulated his understanding of human dignity: “I studied philosophy and theology at Boston University under Edgar S. Brightman and L. Harold DeWolf. Both men greatly stimulated my thinking. It was mainly under these teachers that I studied personalistic philosophy — the theory that the clue to the meaning of ultimate reality is found in personality.”
He went on to credit this philosophy for aiding his commitment to “a personal God.” He also shared that personalism gave him “a metaphysical basis for the dignity and worth of all human personality.”
We need a revival of personalism today.
The recent years have witnessed an erosion of respect for human dignity. The current political crisis in the United States displays a cruel and obscene disregard for human personality. This is certainly apparent in the absence of civility around public conversation, but it goes deeper than that. We now live in a country that takes delight in dehumanizing people, stereotyping communities, lying about cultures one does not understand and even wishing for the extermination of certain people.
Our government has instituted policies that attack the value of migrants and immigrants. It celebrates the construction of internment camps and gleefully announces the number of people abandoned to soul-crushing poverty so that we may subsidize the selfishness of those with power and wealth.
We need a revival of personalism today.
Some with theological sensitivities might balk at the invocation of philosophical personalism, as if it is nothing more than the moss-covered relic of a failed modernity. Not so fast! Many who grounded their courageous abolitionist witness in a basic form of personalism also gave specifically theological reasons for their convictions.
The Wesleyan theology of redemption is a case in point. Methodism founder John Wesley famously challenged the exclusionary views that interpreted the Atonement of Jesus in very narrow ways. He quoted Hebrews 2:9 and other passages of Scripture to teach that Jesus tasted death “for every one.”
Wesley’s New Testament notes observed that the sacrifice of Jesus was for everyone “that ever was or will be born into the world.” No person was pre-emptively excluded from the affirmation of Jesus.
Mahan, the thinker who borrowed language from philosopher Immanuel Kant to stress a distinction between people and things, added a powerful theological argument for the dignity of people.
Mahan observed that there are basically three ways to understand the atoning death of Jesus on the cross.
First, one might take the Calvinist view that Christ’s sacrifice is limited to some elect group. Second, one might take a generic view that Christ’s sacrifice is for all people. This second approach moves us forward, but it can lead to a general, nondescript and impersonal reference to “all.” Mahan, building on Wesley’s teaching, insisted that the best approach understands Christ’s sacrifice as something that is, at once, personal and social — intimate and yet expansive and available to every person. He and other Wesleyan abolitionists declared that slavery violated the personality of “those for whom Christ died.”
Our world and our nation are in trouble. We need advocacy for human dignity. We need coordinated resistance to evil. But such advocacy and resistance are going to necessitate articulate, enduring and persistent theological (and, yes, philosophical) reflection.
This is no head game. Webinars, workshops and training are fine, but they will not be enough when we require powerful ideas to sustain us. Denominational programs, consulting and coaching are fine, but they will not be enough when the world demands to know why we are willing to sacrifice for the dignity of others.
We need a revival of personalism.
And a Wesleyan form of personalism has much to offer.
Who will join me in constructing a new path for the moment — and the future?
Kristen Schell
The Rev. Christopher P. Momany. Photo by Kristen Schell.
The Rev. Dr. Christopher P. Momany is an historian and writer serving as pastor of First United Methodist Church in Dowagiac, Michigan. His most recent books are: “Compelling Lives: Five Methodist Abolitionists and the Ideas That Inspired Them” (Cascade, 2023) and the collaborative “Awakening to Justice: Faithful Voices from the Abolitionist Past” (InterVarsity, 2024).
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